In Covid-19 disease, antibodies against the coronavirus protect, while those that attack ourselves (autoantibodies, precisely) are harmful. Unexpectedly, a new class of ‘good autoantibodies’ has now been discovered, which is associated with a favorable course and lower risk of long-Covid.
Bellinzona, March 8, 2023 – Sometimes in the laboratory there are unexpected results. “Previously it had been observed that autoantibodies are common in severe Covid patients, those who end up in intensive care,” says Jonathan Muri, postdoctoral fellow at the Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB, affiliated with the Università della Svizzera italiana) and co-author of the study. “Instead, in this case we discovered the opposite.”
The autoantibodies in question neutralize chemokines, molecules that direct immune cell trafficking. “Chemokines are a bit like traffic lights: they tell our immune cells when and where to go in the case of an infection so that they can fight it” adds Valentina Cecchinato, also at the IRB and coauthor of the study. “In the presence of the autoantibodies, the traffic lights are blocked and the influx of the cells that make inflammation chronic decreases.” In short, it helps to turn off the inflammatory response.
Initially incredulous, the researchers also analyzed blood from patients recovering after Covid-19 from two other hospitals, with the same result. But how does blocking the immune response help in Covid? “The immune system in some cases is a double-edged sword,” says Mariagrazia Uguccioni, co-director of the study, “it is important to activate it promptly to neutralize the coronavirus, but it must also be turned off at the right time, otherwise it can do damage.” In fact, what usually brings patients to the hospital is excessive inflammation induced by the infection. So autoantibodies against chemokines could have a beneficial anti-inflammatory effect. “There is still a lot of work to be done,” adds Davide Robbiani, co-director of the study and director of the IRB, “for now we can say that the presence of these ‘good autoantibodies’ is associated with a milder course and a lower risk that symptoms will continue for a long time,” as observed in many patients who unfortunately still suffer for weeks or even months after Covid-19.
The study, recently published in the journal Nature Immunology, was conducted by researchers from the IRB (Bellinzona, Switzerland) and carried out in collaboration with colleagues from Humanitas Research Hospital and Humanitas University in Milan, the Universities of Zurich and Bern, the Moncucco Hospital Group, the Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, and universities in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Italy.
Link to the scientific article
Figure caption: During infection, chemokines attract cells of the immune system to the lungs where they neutralize the virus and destroy infected cells. Top: Excessive activation of the immune system (dark red) can be a double-edged sword, leading to major damage associated with severe Covid. Bottom: the presence of ‘good autoantibodies’ that absorb chemokines reduces excessive immune activation leading to a milder course of the disease.
Picture caption: The first co-authors of the study Valentina Cecchinato and Jonathan Muri, postdoctoral fellows at the Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB, affiliated with the Università della Svizzera italiana).
